In Java, since the Majapahit kingdom, a type of short sword was used by soldiers. The Luwuk sword was popular in Central and East Java. Unfortunately, historical records documenting the Luwuk sword are scarce.
The Luwuk sword typically has a blade of consistent width from base to tip, though some examples have a narrower base widening towards the middle. Blades were crafted from pamor iron or Damascus steel, and the tip is sharp. Handles were made of wood or horn. The overall length rarely exceeded 85 cm.
In Ponorogo, this type of short sword is known as a Mothik. Records and research by the Pangrekso Mothik Ponorogo Association (PRAMONO) indicate its presence around the 1870s, though its origins likely extend further back. Given Ponorogo's history as part of the Majapahit region, the Mothik may be a derivative of the Luwuk sword, though this requires further investigation.
The Mothik is considered a typical Ponorogo weapon due to its unique characteristics. The name "Mothik" itself is primarily used in the Ponorogo area.
The few remaining Mothik swords in Ponorogo exhibit variations in blade and handle shapes. This diversity likely reflects the diverse backgrounds of the people of Ponorogo. Some blades are straight, others slightly curved. Blade width may be consistent, or narrower at the base and wider towards the tip.
Most Mothik handles are wooden with a simple, short cross guard. Some also feature a knuckle guard, possibly influenced by European swords used by VOC soldiers.
According to Ponorogo cultural figure Gondo Puspito, as quoted on the All About Ponorogo Facebook page, Mothiks with grip protectors were often owned by village officials, particularly village heads and Jogoboyo. Common people and waroks typically used Mothiks with a cross guard but without a grip guard.